- 12v lityum batareya
- 24v lityum batareya
- 36v lityum batareya
- 48v lityum batareya
Maxsus batareya to'plami
- Egri chiziqli lityum polimer batareya
- Tez zaryadlovchi polimer batareyasi
- Moslashuvchan polimer lityum batareya
- Ultra yupqa polimer batareya
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Batareya qurilmasining kelib chiqishi Leyden shishasining topilishi bilan boshlanishi mumkin. Leyden shishasi birinchi marta 1745 yilda golland olimi Pieter van Musschenbroek tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. Leyden idishi ibtidoiy kondansatör qurilmasi. U izolyator bilan ajratilgan ikkita metall qatlamdan iborat. Yuqoridagi metall novda zaryadni saqlash va chiqarish uchun ishlatiladi. Tayoqqa tegib turganingizda, metall to'p ishlatilganda, Leiden shishasi ichki elektr energiyasini saqlab qolishi yoki olib tashlashi mumkin va uning printsipi va tayyorlash oddiy. Har bir qiziqqan uni uyda mustaqil ravishda amalga oshirishi mumkin, ammo uning oddiy yo'riqnomasi tufayli o'z-o'zidan tushirish fenomeni yanada jiddiyroq. Umuman olganda, barcha elektr quvvati bir necha soatdan bir necha kungacha zaryadsizlanadi. Biroq, Leiden shishasining paydo bo'lishi elektr energiyasini tadqiq qilishda yangi bosqichni anglatadi.
1790-yillarda italyan olimi Luidji Galvani qurbaqa oyoqlarini ulash uchun rux va mis simlardan foydalanishni aniqladi va qurbaqa oyoqlari burishishini aniqladi, shuning uchun u “bioelektr” tushunchasini taklif qildi. Bu kashfiyot italyan olimi Alessandroning tirishishiga sabab bo'ldi. Voltaning e'tiroziga ko'ra, Volta qurbaqa oyoqlarining burishishi qurbaqadagi elektr tokidan emas, balki metall tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan elektr tokidan kelib chiqadi, deb hisoblaydi. Galvanining nazariyasini rad etish uchun Volta o'zining mashhur Volta Stackini taklif qildi. Voltaik stack rux va mis choyshablardan iborat bo'lib, ular orasida sho'r suvga namlangan karton mavjud. Bu taklif qilingan kimyoviy batareyaning prototipi.
Voltaik hujayraning elektrod reaktsiyasi tenglamasi:
musbat elektrod: 2H^++2e^-→H_2
manfiy elektrod: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-
1836 yilda ingliz olimi Jon Frederik Daniell akkumulyatordagi havo pufakchalari muammosini hal qilish uchun Daniel batareyasini ixtiro qildi. Daniel batareyasi zamonaviy kimyoviy batareyaning asosiy shakliga ega. U ikki qismdan iborat. Ijobiy qismi mis sulfat eritmasiga botiriladi. Misning boshqa qismi sink sulfat eritmasiga botirilgan sinkdir. Asl Daniel batareyasi mis idishdagi mis sulfat eritmasi bilan to'ldirilgan va markazga keramik gözenekli silindrsimon idish qo'yilgan. Ushbu sopol idishda salbiy elektrod sifatida sink novda va sink sulfat mavjud. Eritmada keramika idishidagi kichik teshiklar ikkita kalitni ion almashish imkonini beradi. Zamonaviy Daniel batareyalari bu ta'sirga erishish uchun asosan tuz ko'prigi yoki yarim o'tkazuvchan membranalardan foydalanadi. Daniel batareyalari quruq batareyalar almashtirilgunga qadar telegraf tarmog'i uchun quvvat manbai sifatida ishlatilgan.
Daniel batareyasining elektrod reaktsiyasi tenglamasi:
Ijobiy elektrod: 〖Cu〗^(2+)+2e^-→Cu
manfiy elektrod: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-
Hozirgacha akkumulyatorning asosiy shakli aniqlangan, u musbat elektrod, salbiy elektrod va elektrolitni o'z ichiga oladi. Bunday asosda batareyalar keyingi 100 yil ichida jadal rivojlanishga erishdi. Ko'pgina yangi akkumulyator tizimlari paydo bo'ldi, jumladan, frantsuz olimi Gaston Plante 1856 yilda qo'rg'oshinli akkumulyatorlarni ixtiro qildi. Qo'rg'oshin kislotali akkumulyatorlar Uning katta chiqish oqimi va arzonligi ko'pchilikning e'tiborini tortdi, shuning uchun u ko'plab mobil qurilmalarda qo'llaniladi, masalan, erta elektr transport vositalari. Ko'pincha ba'zi shifoxonalar va tayanch stantsiyalar uchun zaxira quvvat manbai sifatida ishlatiladi. Qo'rg'oshin kislotali akkumulyatorlar asosan qo'rg'oshin, qo'rg'oshin dioksidi va sulfat kislota eritmasidan iborat bo'lib, ularning kuchlanishi taxminan 2V ga yetishi mumkin. Hatto zamonaviy davrda ham qo'rg'oshin-kislota akkumulyatorlari etuk texnologiya, arzon narxlar va xavfsizroq suvga asoslangan tizimlar tufayli yo'q qilinmagan.
Qo'rg'oshin kislotali akkumulyatorning elektrod reaktsiyasi tenglamasi:
Positive electrode: PbO_2+〖SO〗_4^(2-)+4H^++2e^-→Pb〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O
Salbiy elektrod: Pb+〖SO〗_4^(2-)→Pb〖SO〗_4+2e^-
1899-yilda shved olimi Valdemar Jungner tomonidan ixtiro qilingan nikel-kadmiy batareyasi qoʻrgʻoshinli akkumulyatorlarga qaraganda energiya zichligi yuqori boʻlganligi sababli kichik mobil elektron qurilmalarda, masalan, erta walkmanlarda kengroq qoʻllaniladi. Qo'rg'oshin kislotali akkumulyatorlarga o'xshaydi. Nikel-kadmiy batareyalari ham 1990-yillardan beri keng qo'llanila boshlandi, ammo ularning toksikligi nisbatan yuqori va batareyaning o'zi o'ziga xos xotira effektiga ega. Shuning uchun biz ba'zi katta yoshdagilarning batareyani zaryad qilishdan oldin to'liq zaryadsizlanishi kerak va chiqindi batareyalar erni ifloslantiradi va hokazo, degan gaplarini tez-tez eshitamiz. (E'tibor bering, hatto hozirgi batareyalar ham juda zaharli va hamma joyda tashlab yuborilmasligi kerak, ammo hozirgi lityum batareyalar xotiradan foyda keltirmaydi va ortiqcha zaryadsizlanish batareyaning ishlash muddatiga zararli.) Nikel-kadmiy batareyalar atrof-muhitga ko'proq zarar etkazadi va ularning ichki qarshilik harorat bilan o'zgaradi, bu esa zaryadlash vaqtida haddan tashqari oqim tufayli shikastlanishga olib kelishi mumkin. Nikel-vodorod batareyalari uni 2005 yilda asta-sekin yo'q qildi. Hozirgacha nikel-kadmiy batareyalari bozorda kamdan-kam uchraydi.
Nikel-kadmiy batareyasining elektrod reaktsiyasi tenglamasi:
Positive electrode: 2NiO(OH)+2H_2 O+2e^-→2OH^-+2Ni〖(OH)〗_2
Salbiy elektrod: Cd+2OH^-→Cd〖(OH)〗_2+2e^-
1960-yillarda odamlar nihoyat lityum batareyalar davriga rasman kirishdi.
Lityum metallning o'zi 1817 yilda kashf etilgan va odamlar tez orada lityum metallning fizik va kimyoviy xossalari tabiiy ravishda batareyalar uchun material sifatida ishlatilishini tushunishdi. U past zichlikka ega (0.534g 〖sm〗^(-3)), katta quvvatga (nazariy jihatdan 3860mAh g^(-1) gacha) va past potentsialga (standart vodorod elektrodiga nisbatan -3.04V) ega. Bular deyarli odamlarga ideal batareyaning salbiy elektrod materiali ekanligimni aytishadi. Biroq, lityum metallning o'zi juda katta muammolarga ega. U juda faol, suv bilan kuchli reaksiyaga kirishadi va ish muhitiga yuqori talablarga ega. Shuning uchun, uzoq vaqt davomida odamlar u bilan ojiz edilar.
1913 yilda Lyuis va Keyes lityum metall elektrodning potentsialini o'lchadilar. Va elektrolit sifatida propilamin eritmasida litiy yodid bilan akkumulyator sinovini o'tkazdi, garchi u muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lsa ham.
1958 yilda Uilyam Sidney Xarris doktorlik dissertatsiyasida litiy metallni turli xil organik efir eritmalariga qo'yganligini va bir qator passivatsiya qatlamlari (jumladan, perklorik kislotada lityum metall) hosil bo'lishini kuzatganligini ta'kidladi. Litiy LiClO_4
Propilen karbonatning shaxsiy kompyuter eritmasidagi hodisa va bu eritma kelajakda lityum batareyalarda hayotiy elektrolitlar tizimidir) va ma'lum bir ion uzatish hodisasi kuzatilgan, shuning uchun buning asosida ba'zi dastlabki elektrodepozitsiya tajribalari o'tkazildi. Ushbu tajribalar rasman lityum batareyalarning rivojlanishiga olib keldi.
1965 yilda NASA lityum perkloratli shaxsiy kompyuter eritmalarida Li||Cu batareyalarining zaryadlash va zaryadsizlanish hodisalari bo'yicha chuqur tadqiqot o'tkazdi. Boshqa elektrolitlar tizimlari, jumladan, LiBF_4, LiI, LiAl〖Cl〗_4, LiCl tahlillari, bu tadqiqot organik elektrolitlar tizimlariga katta qiziqish uyg'otdi.
1969 yilda patent, kimdir litiy, natriy va kaliy metallaridan foydalangan holda organik eritma akkumulyatorlarini tijoratlashtirishga harakat qilishni boshlaganligini ko'rsatdi.
1970 yilda Yaponiyaning Panasonic korporatsiyasi Li‖CF_x ┤ batareyasini ixtiro qildi, bunda x nisbati odatda 0.5-1 ga teng. CF_x florokarbondir. Ftor gazi juda zaharli bo'lsa-da, florokarbonning o'zi oq rangdagi toksik bo'lmagan kukundir. Li‖CF_x ┤ batareyasining paydo bo'lishini birinchi haqiqiy tijorat lityum batareyasi deb aytish mumkin. Li‖CF_x ┤ batareya asosiy batareyadir. Shunga qaramay, uning quvvati juda katta, nazariy quvvati 865 mAh 〖Kg〗^(-1) ni tashkil etadi va uning tushirish kuchlanishi uzoq masofada juda barqaror. Shunday qilib, quvvat barqaror va o'z-o'zidan zaryadsizlanish hodisasi kichik. Ammo u juda past tezlikda ishlaydi va uni zaryadlab bo'lmaydi. Shuning uchun u odatda marganets dioksidi bilan birlashtirilib, Li‖CF_x ┤-MnO_2 batareyalarini hosil qiladi, ular ba'zi kichik sensorlar, soatlar va boshqalar uchun ichki batareyalar sifatida ishlatiladi va yo'q qilinmagan.
Ijobiy elektrod: CF_x+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→C+xLiF
Salbiy elektrod: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
1975-yilda Yaponiyaning Sanyo korporatsiyasi Li‖MnO_2 ┤ akkumulyatorini ixtiro qildi, u birinchi marta qayta zaryadlanuvchi quyosh kalkulyatorlarida ishlatilgan. Buni birinchi qayta zaryadlanuvchi lityum batareya deb hisoblash mumkin. O'sha paytda bu mahsulot Yaponiyada katta muvaffaqiyatga erishgan bo'lsa-da, odamlar bunday materialni chuqur tushunishmagan va uning litiy va marganets dioksidini bilishmagan. Reaksiya ortida qanday sabab bor?
Deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida amerikaliklar qayta foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan batareyani izlashdi, biz hozir uni ikkilamchi batareya deb ataymiz.
1972 yilda MBArmand (ba'zi olimlarning ismlari boshida tarjima qilinmagan) M_(0.5) Fe〖(CN)〗_3 (bu erda M - gidroksidi metall) va Prussiya ko'k tuzilishiga ega bo'lgan boshqa materiallarni konferentsiyada taklif qildi. , Va uning ion interkalatsiyasi hodisasini o'rgandi. Va 1973 yilda Bell laboratoriyasidan J. Broadhead va boshqalar metall dikalkogenidlardagi oltingugurt va yod atomlarining interkalatsiya hodisasini o'rgandilar. Ion interkalatsiyasi fenomeni bo'yicha ushbu dastlabki tadqiqotlar lityum batareyalarning bosqichma-bosqich rivojlanishi uchun eng muhim harakatlantiruvchi kuchdir. Dastlabki tadqiqot ushbu tadqiqotlar tufayli aniq bo'lib, keyinchalik lityum-ion batareyalar mumkin bo'ladi.
1975 yilda Exxon kompaniyasidan Martin B. Dines (Exxon Mobil kompaniyasining salafi) bir qator o'tish metallari dikalkogenidlari va gidroksidi metallar o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlik bo'yicha dastlabki hisob-kitoblar va tajribalar o'tkazdi va o'sha yili Exxon boshqa nom edi, olim MS Uittingem patentni nashr etdi. Li‖TiS_2 ┤ hovuzida. Va 1977 yilda Exoon Li-Al‖TiS_2┤ asosidagi batareyani tijoratlashtirdi, unda lityum alyuminiy qotishmasi batareyaning xavfsizligini oshirishi mumkin (garchi hali ham katta xavf mavjud). Shundan so'ng, bunday batareya tizimlari AQShda Eveready tomonidan ketma-ket qo'llanila boshlandi. Batareya kompaniyasi va Grace kompaniyasini tijoratlashtirish. Li‖TiS_2 ┤ batareyasi haqiqiy ma'noda birinchi ikkilamchi lityum batareya bo'lishi mumkin va u o'sha paytdagi eng issiq batareya tizimi edi. O'sha paytda uning energiya zichligi qo'rg'oshinli akkumulyatorlardan taxminan 2-3 baravar ko'p edi.
Ijobiy elektrod: TiS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x TiS_2
Salbiy elektrod: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
Shu bilan birga, kanadalik olim MA Py 2 yilda Li‖MoS_1983┤ batareyasini ixtiro qildi, u 60/65C da 1-1Wh 〖Kg〗^(-3) energiya zichligiga ega bo'lishi mumkin, bu Li‖TiS_2┤ ga teng. batareya. Shunga asoslanib, 1987 yilda Kanadaning Moli Energy kompaniyasi haqiqatan ham keng ko'lamli tijoratlashtirilgan lityum batareyani ishga tushirdi, bu esa butun dunyoda keng talabga ega edi. Bu tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan voqea bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo istehzo shundaki, u keyinchalik Molining pasayishiga ham sabab bo'ladi. Keyin 1989 yil bahorida Moli kompaniyasi o'zining ikkinchi avlod Li‖MoS_2┤ akkumulyator mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqardi. 1989 yil bahorining oxirida Moli kompaniyasining birinchi avlod Li‖MoS_2┤ akkumulyatori portladi va keng ko'lamli vahima qo'zg'atdi. O'sha yilning yozida barcha mahsulotlar qaytarib olindi va jabrlanganlarga tovon to'landi. O'sha yilning oxirida Moli Energy bankrot deb e'lon qildi va uni 1990 yilning bahorida Yaponiyaning NEC kompaniyasi sotib oldi. Aytish joizki, o'sha paytda kanadalik olim Jeff Dan Moli akkumulyatori loyihasini boshqarganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqalgan. Energiya va Li‖MoS_2 ┤ batareyalari ro'yxatini davom ettirishga qarshiligi sababli iste'foga chiqdi.
Ijobiy elektrod: MoS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x MoS_2
Salbiy elektrod: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
Hozirgacha lityum metall batareyalar asta-sekin jamoatchilik e'tiborini tark etdi. 1970 yildan 1980 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda olimlarning lityum batareyalar bo'yicha tadqiqotlari asosan katod materiallariga qaratilganligini ko'rishimiz mumkin. Yakuniy maqsad har doim o'tish metalining dikalkogenidlariga qaratilgan. Qatlamli tuzilishi tufayli (o'tish metallining dikalkogenidlari hozir ikki o'lchovli material sifatida keng o'rganilmoqda), ularning qatlamlari va Litiy ionlarini kiritish uchun qatlamlar orasida etarli bo'shliqlar mavjud. O'sha paytda, bu davrda anod materiallari bo'yicha juda kam tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Ba'zi tadqiqotlar lityum metallning barqarorligini oshirish uchun qotishmalarga e'tibor qaratgan bo'lsa-da, lityum metallning o'zi juda beqaror va xavfli. Moli akkumulyatorining portlashi dunyoni larzaga keltirgan voqea bo'lsa-da, lityum metall batareyalarning portlashi bilan bog'liq ko'plab holatlar bo'lgan.
Bundan tashqari, odamlar lityum batareyalarning portlash sababini juda yaxshi bilishmagan. Bundan tashqari, lityum metall o'zining yaxshi xususiyatlari tufayli bir vaqtlar almashtirib bo'lmaydigan salbiy elektrod materiali hisoblangan. Moli akkumulyatori portlagandan so'ng, odamlarning lityum metall batareyalarni qabul qilish darajasi keskin tushib ketdi va lityum batareyalar qorong'u davrga kirdi.
Xavfsiz batareyaga ega bo'lish uchun odamlar zararli elektrod materialidan boshlashlari kerak. Shunga qaramay, bu erda bir qator muammolar mavjud: lityum metallning potentsiali sayoz va boshqa aralash salbiy elektrodlardan foydalanish salbiy elektrod potentsialini oshiradi va shu tarzda lityum batareyalar Umumiy potentsial farq kamayadi, bu esa kamaytiradi. bo'ronning energiya zichligi. Shuning uchun olimlar tegishli yuqori kuchlanishli katod materialini topishlari kerak. Shu bilan birga, batareyaning elektrolitlari musbat va salbiy kuchlanish va aylanish barqarorligiga mos kelishi kerak. Shu bilan birga, elektrolitlarning o'tkazuvchanligi Va issiqlikka chidamliligi yaxshiroqdir. Ushbu savollar turkumi olimlarni uzoq vaqt davomida qoniqarli javob topish uchun hayratda qoldirdi.
Olimlar hal qilishi kerak bo'lgan birinchi muammo - lityum metall o'rnini bosadigan xavfsiz, zararli elektrod materialini topish. Lityum metallning o'zi juda ko'p kimyoviy faollikka ega va dendrit o'sishi bilan bog'liq bir qator muammolar foydalanish muhiti va sharoitlariga juda qattiq ta'sir ko'rsatdi va bu xavfsiz emas. Grafit hozirda lityum-ion batareyalarning salbiy elektrodining asosiy tanasi bo'lib, uning lityum batareyalarda qo'llanilishi 1976 yildayoq o'rganilgan. 1976 yilda Besenhard, JO LiC_R ning elektrokimyoviy sintezi bo'yicha batafsilroq tadqiqot o'tkazdi. Biroq, grafit mukammal xususiyatlarga ega bo'lsa-da (yuqori o'tkazuvchanlik, yuqori quvvat, past potentsial, inertlik va boshqalar), o'sha paytda lityum batareyalarda ishlatiladigan elektrolitlar odatda yuqorida aytib o'tilgan LiClO_4 ning shaxsiy kompyuter eritmasi hisoblanadi. Grafit muhim muammoga ega. Himoya bo'lmasa, elektrolitlar PC molekulalari ham lityum-ion interkalatsiyasi bilan grafit tuzilishiga kiradi, natijada tsiklning ishlashi pasayadi. Shuning uchun o'sha paytda grafit olimlar tomonidan yoqmagan.
Katod materialiga kelsak, lityum metall batareya bosqichini o'rganishdan so'ng, olimlar lityum anod materialining o'zi ham LiTiS_2, 〖Li〗_x V〖Se〗_2 (x) kabi yaxshi qaytariladigan lityum saqlash materiali ekanligini aniqladilar. =1,2) va hokazo va shu asosda 〖Li〗_x V_2 O_5 (0.35≤x<3), LiV_2 O_8 va boshqa materiallar ishlab chiqilgan. Va olimlar asta-sekin turli xil 1 o'lchovli ion kanallari (1D), 2 o'lchovli qatlamli ion interkalatsiyasi (2D) va 3 o'lchovli ion uzatish tarmog'i tuzilmalari bilan tanishdilar.
Professor Jon B. Gudenouning LiCoO_2 (LCO) bo'yicha eng mashhur tadqiqoti ham shu vaqtda sodir bo'lgan. 1979 yilda Goodenugd va boshqalar. 2 yilda NaCoO_1973 tuzilishi haqidagi maqoladan ilhomlangan va LCO ni kashf etgan va patent maqolasini nashr etgan. LCO o'tish metall disulfidlariga o'xshash qatlamli interkalatsiya tuzilishiga ega bo'lib, unda lityum ionlari teskari kiritilishi va olinishi mumkin. Agar lityum ionlari to'liq ekstraksiya qilinsa, CoO_2 ning zich o'ralgan strukturasi hosil bo'ladi va uni lityum uchun lityum ionlari bilan qayta kiritish mumkin (Albatta, haqiqiy batareya lityum ionlarini to'liq ajratib olishga imkon bermaydi. qobiliyatining tez parchalanishiga olib keladi). 1986 yilda hali ham Yaponiyadagi Asahi Kasei korporatsiyasida ishlayotgan Akira Yoshino birinchi marta LCO, koks va LiClO_4 kompyuter yechimining uchtasini birlashtirib, birinchi zamonaviy litiy-ionli ikkilamchi batareyaga aylandi va hozirgi lityumga aylandi. batareya. Sony tezda qariyaning "etarli darajada yaxshi" LCO patentini payqadi va undan foydalanish uchun ruxsat oldi. 1991 yilda u LCO lityum-ion batareyasini tijoratlashtirdi. Lityum-ion batareyasi kontseptsiyasi ham shu vaqtda paydo bo'lgan va uning g'oyasi ham bugungi kungacha davom etmoqda. (Ta'kidlash joizki, Sony-ning birinchi avlod litiy-ion batareyalari va Akira Yoshino ham grafit o'rniga manfiy elektrod sifatida qattiq ugleroddan foydalanadi va buning sababi yuqoridagi kompyuterda grafitda interkalatsiya mavjud)
Ijobiy elektrod: 6C+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x C_6
Salbiy elektrod: LiCoO_2→〖Li〗_(1-x) CoO_2+x〖Li〗^++xe^-
Boshqa tomondan, 1978 yilda Armand, M. grafit anodining erituvchi PC molekulalariga osongina singdirilishi (o'sha paytdagi asosiy elektrolitlar) yuqoridagi muammoni hal qilish uchun qattiq polimer elektrolit sifatida polietilen glikoldan (PEO) foydalanishni taklif qildi. lityum batareyalar tizimiga birinchi marta grafit qo'ygan PC, DEC aralash eritmasidan foydalanadi va keyingi yilda tebranadigan stul batareyasi (silkituvchi stul) kontseptsiyasini taklif qildi. Bunday kontseptsiya hozirgi kungacha davom etdi. ED/DEC, EC/DMC va boshqalar kabi hozirgi asosiy elektrolitlar tizimlari 1990-yillarda asta-sekin paydo bo'ldi va shu vaqtdan beri foydalanilmoqda.
Xuddi shu davrda olimlar bir qator batareyalarni ham o'rganishdi: Li‖Nb〖Se〗_3 ┤ batareyalar, Li‖V〖SE〗_2 ┤ batareyalar, Li‖〖Ag〗_2 V_4 ┤ O_11 batareyalar, Li‖O batareyalar, Li ‖I_2 ┤Batareyalar va boshqalar, chunki ular hozir unchalik qimmatli emas va tadqiqot turlari unchalik ko'p emas, shuning uchun men ularni batafsil tanishtirmayman.
1991 yildan keyin lityum-ion batareyalarni ishlab chiqish davri biz hozir bo'lgan davrdir. Bu erda men rivojlanish jarayonini batafsil sarhisob qilmayman, lekin bir nechta lityum-ion batareyalarning kimyoviy tizimini qisqacha tanishtiraman.
Hozirgi lityum-ion batareya tizimlariga kirish, bu erda keyingi qism.
Oldingi: Elektr velosiped lityum batareyasi
Keyingi: Elektr velosiped lityum batareyasi
6 soat ichida javob bering, har qanday savol qabul qilinadi!